Devices, systems and methods for intraluminal local drug delivery

ABSTRACT

Devices, systems for localized delivery of a chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or targeted drug/biologic therapy to a target tissue area of an internal body organ of a patient. A catheter  10  forms a sealed treatment chamber in a natural lumen extending through the target tissue area. Air is purged from the chamber, which is then filled with a liquid drug solution for an adequate treatment session time, solution volume and drug concentration to saturate the target tissue area, thereby providing the treatment. The liquid drug solution may be circulated or recirculated through the chamber or maintained stationary therewithin. The drug may saturate the target tissue area and pass therethrough into the lymphatic system or interstitial space, which may serve as a reservoir of the drug for continued therapeutic treatment after withdrawal of the catheter. The chamber is evacuated at the end of the treatment session.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to methods for delivery of a drug to a target tissue area of an internal body organ of a patient and, more particularly, relates to intraluminal catheters and methods for treatment of cancer and other diseases by localized chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or targeted drug/biologic therapy.

BACKGROUND

Nearly all chemotherapeutics are systemic, which creates the following limitations:

-   -   Toxicity: Systemic toxicity can create issues that result in         restricting therapeutic dosing and are associated with a range         of adverse effects that are either life threatening, e.g.         immunosuppression, neutropenic enterocolitis, gastrointestinal         distress, tumor lysis syndrome, organ damage, or are lifestyle         limiting, e.g. anemia, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, hair loss,         infertility, teratogenicity, peripheral neuropathy, cognitive         impairment, potentially making chemotherapy dangerous or at         least stressful to the body.     -   Repeat Dosing: Most chemotherapeutics are delivered         intravenously (IV) but some can be delivered orally, which         requires they must be prepared in a way that allows the drug to         survive stomach acid while being able to be absorbed in the         intestines. Most require multiple doses, which require ongoing         risk to potential adverse events and patient compliance to         dosing regimens.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings are not necessarily to scale. Like numbers used in the figures refer to like components, steps and the like. However, it will be understood that the use of a number to refer to a component in a given figure is not intended to limit the component in another figure labeled with the same number. In addition, the use of different numbers to refer to components is not intended to indicate that the different numbered components cannot be the same or similar.

FIG. 1 illustrates a chemotherapeutic treatment of a portion of an intestine using a catheter in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows a distal portion of a catheter in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a graph of an exemplary known relationship of diameter to inflation volume for a sealing balloon in accordance with the disclosure.

FIG. 4 shows several exemplary positions a patient may assume during a treatment procedure in accordance with the disclosure.

FIG. 5 shows a distal portion of a catheter in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a treatment system in accordance with the disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates a chemotherapeutic treatment of a portion of a female genital tract using a catheter in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates a chemotherapeutic treatment of a portion of a respiratory tract using a catheter in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific embodiments of the present invention are now described with reference to the figures, wherein like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. The terms “distal” and “proximal” are used in the following description with respect to a position or direction relative to the treating operator. “Distal” or “distally” are a position distant from or in a direction away from the operator. “Proximal” and “proximally” are a position near or in a direction toward the operator. The term “target,” as in “target tissue, target area, target organ, or target region” is used to refer to diseased tissue of a hollow organ and/or tissue of a natural tract or lumen extending therethrough.

The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. Platforms and methods of this disclosure may reduce the limitations of systemic drug delivery. A highly localized method of chemotherapy may reduce complications and increase effectiveness for inductive (curative), neoadjuvant (prior to surgery), or adjuvant (after surgery) drug treatments. Such a treatment may be localized to hollow organ or natural lumens. A selected drug can be delivered in liquid, aerosol/nebulizer, or even sprayed. The hollow organ is locally bathed in the drug to achieve drug absorption into the targeted organ tissue. Although the description of embodiments hereof is in the context of treatments performed within a variety of natural hollow body lumens or tracts, the invention may also be used in any other body passageways or in extraluminal locations where it is deemed useful. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description.

FIG. 1 illustrates a catheter 10 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. Catheter 10 having an elongate flexible shaft is shown in a deployed configuration within a target region of a natural lumen, which in this example is a portion of a large intestine or colon 20. Expandable members 11, 12 are mounted about a distal region of catheter 10, and are longitudinally spaced apart such that, when expanded into sealing contact with the inner wall of colon 20, a closed treatment chamber is defined between expandable members 11, 12 and the intestinal wall. The treatment chamber may be considered to be an annular chamber because of the annular cylinder formed between the catheter shaft and the natural lumen. Herein, “closed” means the treatment chamber is excluded from fluid communication with other parts of the natural lumen beyond the expandable members. An expandable member for the present technology may be a mechanically operated sealing element or a balloon that is inflatable with a fluid that may be either a gas or a liquid. In the illustrated embodiment, the treatment chamber includes one or more polyps or other cancers 21. Catheter 10 is reversible, meaning that the flexible catheter shaft may be considered to extend proximally either upward or downward in FIG. 1. Ports 13, 14 fluidly communicate the treatment chamber with respective lumens (not shown) that extend proximally through the catheter to terminate at respective connectors 15, 16 located at the proximal end thereof, as shown in FIG. 6.

Once catheter 10 has been deployed as shown in FIG. 1, the operator may assess the orientation of the treatment chamber with respect to gravity G, and may reposition the patient, if necessary, to orient the treatment chamber as close to vertical as possible in order to facilitate air evacuation as the chamber is filled with liquid. The avoidance of air bubbles or air pockets may ensure that all of the inner wall of colon 20 in the treatment chamber is bathed in liquid drug solution 30. FIG. 4 shows examples of different patient positions that may provide a vertical treatment chamber. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the portion of colon 20 enclosing the treatment chamber is nearly vertical with port 14 being located at a high point in the chamber. Because catheter 10 is reversible, the patient or the catheter could be positioned such that port 13 is located at a high point in the chamber (not shown). It is the operator's choice how to position or repositioning the patient, based on comfort of the patient and convenience of the operator and as a result, either of ports 13, 14 may become the upper port in the treatment chamber. The upper port may be defined as the egress port and the other, lower port may then be defined as the ingress port. Once the treatment chamber, catheter lumens, extension lines (if used), and pump are purged of air as described below, the patient may be repositioned or returned to a position that may be more comfortable for the patient and/or more convenient for the operator.

After the treatment chamber is oriented with respect to gravity, a liquid drug solution 30 is admitted or pumped into the chamber via the ingress port, i.e. port 13 in FIG. 1. As liquid drug solution 30 fills the treatment chamber from bottom to top, air is purged from the chamber via the egress port, i.e. port 14 until the liquid drug solution reaches port 14. See flow arrows F in FIG. 1. Optionally, partial vacuum may be applied to egress port 14 to assist or hasten the purging process. In this way, the treatment chamber is filled with liquid drug solution 30, leaving only a small air bubble 32, or preferably no air bubble at all. After the treatment chamber is filled with liquid drug solution 30, air may also be purged from all catheter lumens, extension lines (if used), and a circulating pump such as pump 67 described below to form a closed fluid circuit that may be a closed-loop fluid circuit.

In an alternative purging method, after the treatment chamber is oriented with respect to gravity, a liquid such as sterile saline is pushed into the chamber via the ingress port, i.e. port 13 in FIG. 1. As saline fills the treatment chamber from bottom to top, air is purged from the chamber via the egress port, i.e. port 14 until the saline reaches port 14. See flow arrows F in FIG. 1. After the treatment chamber is filled with saline, air may also be purged from all catheter lumens, extension lines (if used), and a circulating pump such as pump 67 described below to form a closed fluid circuit that may be a closed-loop fluid circuit. The saline in the fluid circuit can then be replaced with liquid drug solution 30.

Once the closed fluid circuit is purged of air and filled with liquid drug solution 30, a treatment session may then be conducted by circulating the liquid drug through the closed fluid circuit to maintain a homogeneous concentration of the drug throughout the treatment chamber. Herein, “circulating” means causing a fixed volume of liquid drug solution 30 to flow through the closed fluid circuit between first and second external reservoirs, e.g. first and second syringes connected to respective ports 15, 16 shown in FIG. 6, without intentional loss of the liquid solution either inside or outside of the patient. The circulating flow of liquid drug solution 30 may be unidirectional during the treatment session or may reverse direction one or more times between the first and second reservoirs. Pushing or filling a liquid, either a drug solution or saline, from a first graduated syringe through the closed fluid circuit and into a second graduated syringe allows the operator to initially confirm and subsequently monitor seal integrity of the treatment chamber by comparing input and output volumes.

Alternatively, ports 15, 16 may be connected to input and output ports of a pump thereby forming a closed-loop fluid circuit. Herein, a “closed-loop fluid circuit” is considered to be a subset of closed fluid circuits. In this arrangement, a treatment session may be conducted by recirculating the liquid drug solution 30 through the closed-loop fluid circuit to maintain a homogeneous concentration of the drug throughout the treatment chamber. Herein, “recirculating” is considered to be a subset of “circulating,” and means causing liquid drug solution 30 to continuously flow, e.g. via pump 67 shown in FIG. 6 through a closed-loop fluid circuit without intentional loss of the liquid solution either inside or outside of the patient.

To conduct chemotherapy safely and effectively in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology, it may be useful to predetermine a desired dose of drug to permeate or be dispensed or absorbed into the target tissue, and to measure, monitor, calculate or otherwise estimate attainment or progress towards that pharmacokinetic goal during or at the end of a treatment session. To predetermine the desired dose, it may be useful to estimate the volume of tissue targeted for saturation with the drug molecules from drug solution 30. Target tissue volume may be estimated based on the surface area of the tissue comprising the treatment chamber in a given patient. To predetermine the desired dose, it may also be useful to know or estimate the rate of transfer of the drug through the wall of the natural lumen and into the target tissue area.

One parameter that may be used to calculate the exposed tissue surface area may be the liquid capacity of the treatment chamber as measured by the volume of liquid pumped into the fluid circuit during the air purging step. For example, drug solution 30 or sterile saline may be admitted by a graduated syringe to the ingress port via one of connecting ports 15 or 16 shown in FIG. 6, and the volume of admitted drug solution 30 is measured when the liquid begins to appear at the other of connecting ports 15 or 16 in fluid communication with the purge port. Other parameters that may be used to calculate the exposed tissue surface area may be a known distance between the pair of expandable members, a diameter of at least one of the expandable members, a distance from the natural orifice of the natural lumen to the two or more expandable members, an analysis of current and/or previous medical images of the natural lumen extending through the target tissue area of the internal body organ of the patient, and a statistical analysis of historical data regarding physical dimensions of similar natural lumens extending through similar target tissue areas for a known population of patients. The diameter of at least one of the expandable members may be measured from a medical image or the expandable member may be an inflatable elastic balloon and a diameter of the balloon is determined based at least in part on a volume of a fluid or air used to inflate the balloon into sealing contact with the inner wall of the natural lumen.

A treatment session may be terminated when the desired drug dose has been delivered to the target tissue. The amount of drug delivered via the treatment chamber may be estimated using parameters including the volume of the closed-loop fluid circuit, the volume of the target tissue, and the change in concentration of the drug in recirculating drug solution 30. Thus, the amount of drug calculated as missing from the volume of liquid in the closed-loop fluid circuit is presumed to have permeated into the target tissue.

An alternative method of estimating the amount of drug delivered during a treatment session may be based on elapsed time and parameters such as a known permeability rate for a given concentration of drug in a given tissue type. Such parameters may be drawn from data regarding a general population rather than requiring data from the current patient. In this method, the size of the surface area of target tissue may or may not be useful to determine whether the desired drug dose has been delivered to the target tissue.

Another method in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology may continue recirculating liquid drug solution 30 through the closed-loop fluid circuit beyond the point of saturating target tissue with a selected anti-cancer drug. The drug may permeate the target tissue, enter and activate the lymphatic system 22 or interstitial space, all of which may act as a conduit or reservoir for the drug to continue eluting drug into cancerous tissue after the session has been terminated and the catheter is removed from the patient.

Another method in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology is to fill the treatment chamber with drug solution 30 of a known, e.g. calculated drug concentration for a selected period of time without circulation or recirculation. That is, drug solution 30 carries a measured amount of the drug and remains stationary in the treatment chamber for a duration that is expected to achieve the desired drug dosing.

When the desired drug dosing has been achieved and the treatment session is terminated, the treatment chamber may be evacuated by pumping a flushing fluid therethrough, in similar fashion to the air purging step described above. A non-toxic flushing fluid such as air, saline, or other gases or liquids may be used to clear drug solution 30 from the treatment chamber, leaving the flushing fluid therein. Clearing the anti-cancer drug from the treatment chamber may prevent target tissue from being exposed to the drug for a longer time than desired, and/or may prevent non-target tissue from being exposed to the drug when the treatment chamber is broken down by returning expandable members 11, 12 to the collapsed delivery configuration to permit removal of catheter 10 from the patient.

FIG. 2. illustrates a distal region of another catheter 10 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. Expandable members 11, 12 are shown with variable diameters including fully collapsed respective configurations 11 a, 12 a, and increasingly larger configurations 11 b, 12 b; 11 c, 12 c; and 11 d, 12 d. The variability in diameter of expandable members 11, 12 allows each member to be selectively expanded into sealing engagement with a natural lumen such as the colon illustrated in FIG. 1. Expandable members 11, 12 may be inflatable elastic balloons, wherein each balloon has a diameter that corresponds in a known relationship to either a gas pressure or a liquid volume, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The selected balloon may be characterized as compliant, non-compliant, elastic or inelastic, depending on its diameter-to-volume or diameter-to-pressure properties. In an example, a catheter having an inelastic balloon may be selected in cases where the known inflated diameter of the balloon can be expected to create an effective treatment chamber seal at the intended anatomic location. In the case of expandable members 11, 12 comprising two balloons, the balloons may be inflated together or separately, to the same or different diameters, and via common or separate inflation lumens 17, 18 shown in FIG. 6, as would be known to those of skill in the field of balloon catheters. Ports 13, 14 are illustrated as being positioned as close to expandable members 11, 12 as possible. The shape of the expanded members 11, 12 and the very adjacent location of the ports thereto can be selected to optimize purging of air from the treatment chamber. E.g. a balloon may be mounted to catheter 10 with an inverted neck (not shown) to permit locating a port closer to the expandable body of the balloon. Additionally, or alternatively, the expandable member may have a concave or invaginated surface facing towards the treatment chamber to enhance air purging by directing air away from the lumen wall and towards the egress port in the catheter shaft.

The embodiment of catheter 10 shown in FIG. 2 has the following optional features. Fiducial markers 40, 41 may be associated with expandable members 11, 12. In order to assist in locating the treatment chamber with respect to a target area, markers 40, 41 may be visible under medical imaging, e.g. radiopaque markers for visualization under fluoroscopy or sensors (like electromagnetic coils) for use in navigation systems. Orientation sensor 43 may be located proximate the distal region of catheter 10 to inform the operator of the angle of catheter 10 with respect to gravity. The axis of the distal region of catheter 10 is expected to be generally coaxial with the treatment chamber due to the centering effect of expandable members 11, 12. Orientation sensor 43 may be an accelerometer adapted to communicate with an electronic console exterior to the patient. Camera 44 may be located proximate the distal region of catheter 10 to assist in locating the treatment chamber with respect to a target area. The camera may use optical coherence tomography (OCT) or other small medical camera technologies. Pressure sensor 45 may be located between expandable members 11, 12 to provide data regarding fluid pressure within the treatment chamber. The pressure sensor may utilize the piezoelectric effect or other technologies, with the pressure data being useful to monitor and/or maintain safe and effective pressure within the treatment chamber and to potentially detect leakage from the chamber. One or more electrodes 46 may be located between the expandable members and positioned as close as possible thereto. Electrode 46 may be used to monitor electrical impedance, which may be useful to detect when the treatment chamber has filled with liquid or monitor changes in drug concentration.

The embodiment of catheter 10′ shown in FIG. 5 has the following optional features. Catheter 10′ comprises a first catheter shaft 50 having an expandable member 12′ mounted at the distal end thereof. A second catheter shaft 51 is slidably disposed within a lumen through shaft 50 and extends distally therefrom. Expandable member 11′ is mounted about a distal region of shaft 51. The operator may adjust how much of shaft 51 extends from shaft 50 to selectively define the length L of the treatment chamber formable between expandable members 11′, 12′. Port 14′ may be an annular clearance space at the terminus of the lumen in shaft 50 that slidably receives shaft 51. Ports 13 and 14′ may function as shown in previous embodiments, including their reversibility, as described above.

Catheter 10′ also comprises a second expandable member 12″ mounted adjacent expandable member 12′ to provide additional sealing capability against a luminal wall beyond that provided by member 12′ alone. This additional, adjacent balloon could serve as a redundant safety feature should sealing of one of the balloons fail. Additional sensors (electrodes, cameras, pressure monitors, etc.) may be placed between these balloons to monitor for fluids indicating a failed seal. Expandable member 11′ comprises multiple lobes 52, 52′ that may also provide additional sealing capability against a luminal wall. A plurality of expandable members, balloons, or lobes may thus be provided to form one or both ends of a treatment chamber in accordance with embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 6 illustrates a drug delivery system 60 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. System 60 includes catheters 10 or 10′ operably coupled to a console 62. Alternatively, system 60 may include other catheters in accordance with the present technology, such as catheters 710, 810 described below. Catheter 10 includes selected features of the catheter embodiments described above, and further includes a flexible elongate shaft 63, a proximal portion 64, and a distal portion 65. Fluid connectors 15, 16 are in fluid communication with ports 13, 14 at distal region 65 and may be attached directly or via extension tubes (shown in broken lines) to console 62. Inflation lumens 17, 18 are in fluid communication with expandable members at distal region 65 and may be in communication with separate inflation devices (not shown), or may be connected to console 62 in an embodiment where inflation devices are incorporated therein.

Console 62 may incorporate or be operably coupled to several components adapted to serve different functions as follows. A reservoir 66 may contain drug solution 30; a pump 67 may recirculate the drug solution 30 via catheter fluid connectors 15, 16; and an osmometer 68 may monitor the concentration of the drug in recirculating drug solution 30. A pressure sensor 69 may electronically communicate with pressure sensor 45 shown in FIG. 2, or may directly measure pressure in recirculating drug solution 30 within console 62. Control unit 70 may operate pump 67 based at least in part on one or more inputs selected from elapsed time, instantaneous pressure in the closed-loop recirculating fluid circuit, amount of the drug solution 30 added to the fluid circuit, instantaneous drug concentration of the drug solution 30 occupying the closed-loop recirculating fluid circuit, and manual data entered by an operator, e.g. by a keypad 71 on console 62. The pressure in the closed-loop recirculating fluid circuit may be established, maintained, and changed by pump 67. For example, pump 67 may provide a partial vacuum, a.k.a. negative pressure to the egress lumen and egress port to help evacuate the treatment chamber in preparation for administering drug solution 30 at the beginning of a treatment session or for clearing the treatment chamber of drug solution 30 at the end of a treatment session. Pump 67 may also maintain pressure of drug solution 30 in the treatment chamber at a selected elevated level, e.g. above atmospheric pressure or above patient blood pressure, to enhance or facilitate uptake of the drug into the target tissue while limiting the selected pressure to avoid injury to tissue or leakage of drug solution 30 past the seal(s) form by the expandable member(s) at the end(s) of the treatment chamber. Alternatively, the pressure of drug solution 30 in the treatment chamber may be maintained at close to atmospheric pressure by pump 67, or by a gravity-feed directly from reservoir 66 without the use of a pump. Furthermore, instead of using a powered pump 67, liquid drug solution 30 may be circulated through the closed fluid circuit by pushing a fixed volume of liquid drug solution 30 between first and second external reservoirs, e.g. first and second syringes connected to ports 15, 16, as mentioned above.

FIG. 7 illustrates a catheter 710 in accordance with another embodiment of the present technology. Catheter 710 is shown in a deployed configuration within a target region of a female genital tract including a portion of a vagina 720 and uterus 725. An expandable member 711 is mounted about a distal region 719 of catheter 710, and is adapted to be expanded into sealing contact with the inner wall of uterus 725, or, as illustrated, with the inner wall of vagina 720. A treatment chamber is defined as the portion of the natural lumen or genital tract distal of expandable member 711. In the illustrated embodiment, the treatment chamber includes a uterine cancer 721. Catheter distal region 719 extends distally of expandable member 711 by a length that may be fixed and selectively pre-designed or that may be variable and selectively adjusted by the operator, similar to length L in catheter 10′ described above and shown in FIG. 5. Port 713 is disposed distally adjacent expandable member 711 and port 714 is disposed at or adjacent the distal end of distal region 719. In the illustrated embodiment, expandable member 711 extends to the fundus of the uterus and thereby positions port 714 at or near the distalmost extent of the desired treatment chamber. Ports 713, 714 fluidly communicate the treatment chamber with respective lumens (not shown) that extend proximally through the catheter to terminate at respective connectors located at the proximal end thereof, comparable to connectors 15, 16 shown in FIG. 6. This embodiment demonstrates a treatment chamber that is defined by the force of gravity and the location of the egress port 714. The proximal end of the treatment chamber may or may not be defined by an expandable member, as described below.

Once catheter 710 has been deployed as shown in FIG. 7, the operator may assess the orientation of the treatment chamber with respect to gravity G, and may reposition the patient, if necessary, to orient the treatment chamber as close to vertical as possible, as described above with respect to catheter 10 in FIG. 1. In the treatment illustrated in FIG. 7, port 714 may be defined as the egress port and port 713 may be defined as the ingress port. After the treatment chamber is oriented with respect to gravity, a liquid drug solution 30 is admitted or forced into the chamber via the ingress port, i.e. port 713 in FIG. 7. As liquid drug solution 30 fills the treatment chamber from bottom to top, air is purged from the chamber via the egress port, i.e. port 714 until the liquid drug solution reaches port 714. In this way, the treatment chamber is filled with liquid drug solution 30, leaving only a small air bubble or preferably no bubble at all. The avoidance of air bubbles or air pockets may ensure that all of the inner wall of female genital tract in the treatment chamber is bathed in liquid drug solution 30. Liquid drug solution 30 may be circulated or recirculated through the treatment chamber between ingress port 713 and egress port 714 as described above with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. Alternatively, the treatment chamber may be filled with drug solution 30 of a known, e.g. calculated drug concentration for a selected period of time without circulation or recirculation. The treatment chamber may also be evacuated, as described above, by forcing a flushing fluid therethrough using ports 713, 714.

The extent of the treatment chamber formed in the hollow anatomical space may be controlled by limiting the volume or pressure of liquid drug solution 30 admitted or forced into the treatment chamber via catheter 710. In the example illustrated in FIG. 7, liquid drug solution 30 has not been forced into the fallopian tubes from the uterus, although extending the treatment chamber into these spaces may desirable for treatment of cancer in the fallopian tubes or the ovaries. Since the ostia of the fallopian tubes are proximate to but not in direct connection with the respective ovaries, any liquid drug solution 30 that is forced all the way through one or both fallopian tubes may enter and begin to fill the peritoneal cavity and may result in either intentional or unintentional intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Catheter 710 may be selectively designed or placed such that expandable member 711 creates the proximal end of a treatment chamber in the uterus, or in the vagina, as illustrated. Thus, cancer in various locations throughout the female genital tract may be treated by exposing target tissue to liquid drug solution 30. Alternatively, catheters 10, 10′ may be adapted to create a treatment chamber bounded at its ends by two or more expandable members selectively spaced apart and positioned along the female genital tract from the vaginal vestibule, through the cervix, to the fundus of the uterus. In another alternative in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology (not shown), a catheter or catheters may be adapted to operate solely or in combination to create a female genital tract treatment chamber wherein at least distal portions of one or both fallopian tubes are excluded therefrom by expandable member(s) deployed within the respective fallopian tube(s).

Catheter 710 features a single expandable member and two spaced-apart ports disposed distally thereof such that a treatment chamber for use in chemotherapy can be created distally of the expandable member. Although not illustrated, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that the scope of the invention includes catheters, systems and methods wherein two ports are disposed proximally of a single expandable member such that a treatment chamber for use in chemotherapy can be created proximally of the expandable member.

Furthermore, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that the scope of the invention includes catheters, systems and methods wherein a catheter having two spaced-apart ports but without any expandable member can seal within the cervix and thereby form a treatment chamber distally thereof, including the uterus. Such a balloonless catheter may be a modification of any catheter disclosed herein, for example catheter 10′ of FIG. 5 wherein shaft 50 may be modified to fit sealably within the cervix, especially the cervix of a nulliparous female patient having a very small cervical opening.

FIG. 8 illustrates a catheter 810 configured in accordance with another embodiment of the present technology. Catheter 810 is shown in a deployed configuration within a target region of a respiratory tract. Catheter distal region 819 extends distally of expandable member 811 by a length that may be fixed and selectively pre-designed or that may be variable and selectively adjusted by the operator, similar to length L in catheter 10′ described above and shown in FIG. 5. Expandable member 811 is mounted about distal region 819 of catheter 810, and is adapted to be expanded into sealing contact with the inner wall of a segmental bronchus 820, as shown. Port 813 is disposed distal and very adjacent expandable member 811 and port 814 is disposed at or adjacent the distal end of distal region 819. A treatment chamber is defined as the portion of the natural lumen or respiratory tract distal of expandable member 811. Catheter 810 may be adapted, if necessary for creating treatment chambers in different parts of the bronchi of the respiratory tract. The structure and use of catheter 810 is comparable to that of catheter 710 described above and shown in FIG. 7. The patient may be repositioned as described above to optimize orientation of the treatment chamber for purging air therefrom, and ports 813, 814 may be used in similar fashion to ports 13, 14, 713, 714 as described above to purge air and to circulate or recirculate drug solution 30. The treatment chamber may also have air evacuated therefrom before treatment, and/or liquid drug solution cleared out by forcing a flushing fluid therethrough using ports 813, 814.

The following chemotherapeutic drugs are considered to be usable with the technology of the disclosure, but are merely given as examples, and not by way of limitation: vinblastine (VELBE), vinorelbine (NAVELBINE), irinotecan (CAMPTOSAR), paclitaxel (TAXOL), docetaxel (TAXOTERE), epirubicin (ELLENCE), doxorubicin (ADRIAMYCIN), capecitabine (XELODA), etoposide (ETOPOPHOS), topotecan (HYCAMTIN), pemetrexed (ALIMTA), carboplatin (PARAPLATIN), fluorouracil (ADRUCIL), gemcitabine (GEMZAR), oxaliplatin (ELOXATIN), cisplatin (PLATINOL), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN), ramucirumab (CYRAMZA), and bevacizumab (AVASTIN).

Further Examples

1. A catheter for delivery of a drug to a target tissue area of an internal body organ of a patient, the catheter having an elongate flexible shaft and two longitudinally spaced-apart expandable members disposed about a catheter shaft distal region, the expandable members being transformable between a collapsed delivery configuration and an expanded configuration for sealing against a natural lumen extending through the target tissue area to form a closed treatment chamber defined between the two expandable members and the wall of the natural lumen, the catheter further having first and second drug-delivery lumens extending from a catheter proximal end to respective first and second ports disposed between the expandable members.

2. The catheter of example 1 further comprising an orientation sensor mounted at the catheter shaft distal region.

3. The catheter of any of examples 1 or 2 wherein the two expandable members comprise respectively two compliant balloons wherein each balloon is inflatable to varying diameters, the catheter further having one or more inflation lumens extending from the catheter proximal end to the expandable members for inflating each of the compliant balloons either together or independently.

4. The catheter of any of examples 1-3 further comprising a navigation camera disposed adjacent the distal region.

5. The catheter of any of examples 1-4 further comprising two fiducial markers for referencing the respective locations of the two expandable members when the catheter is viewed using a medical imaging system or a navigation system.

6. The catheter of any of examples 1-5 wherein the two longitudinally spaced-apart expandable members are configured for forming a closed treatment chamber within a lumen of a gastrointestinal tract, a female genital tract, a urinary tract, or a respiratory tract.

7. A catheter for local delivery of a drug to a target tissue area of an internal body organ of a patient, the catheter comprising:

-   -   an elongate flexible shaft;     -   first and second longitudinally spaced-apart expandable members         disposed about a distal region of the flexible shaft, the         expandable members each being transformable between a collapsed         delivery configuration and an expanded configuration for sealing         against the wall of a natural lumen extending through the target         tissue area to form a closed treatment chamber defined between         the first and second expandable members and the wall of the         natural lumen;     -   a liquid ingress lumen extending from a shaft proximal end to a         liquid ingress port located between the expandable members; and     -   a liquid egress lumen extending from a shaft proximal end to a         liquid egress port located between the expandable members;     -   wherein the functions of the ingress and egress ports are         reversible such that either port can be a high point of the         formed treatment chamber with respect to gravity.

8. The catheter of example 7 further comprising an orientation sensor mounted at the shaft distal region and operable to indicate to an operator the orientation of the shaft distal region with respect to gravity.

9. The catheter of example 8 wherein the orientation sensor is an accelerometer adapted to communicate with an electronic console exterior to the patient.

10. The catheter of any of examples 7-9 wherein the liquid ingress port is located very adjacent the first expandable member and the liquid egress port is located very adjacent the second expandable member.

11. The catheter of any of examples 7-10 wherein both the first and second expandable members are compliant balloons inflatable to varying diameters, the shaft further having one or more inflation lumens configured for inflating the compliant balloons either simultaneously or independently.

12. The catheter of any of examples 7-11 further comprising a navigation camera disposed adjacent the distal region.

13. The catheter of any of examples 7-12 further comprising one or more fiducial markers for referencing the respective locations of the first and second expandable members when the catheter is viewed using a medical imaging system or a navigation system.

14. The catheter of any of examples 7-13 wherein the first and second longitudinally spaced-apart expandable members are configured for forming a closed treatment chamber within a lumen of a gastrointestinal tract, a female genital tract, a urinary tract or a respiratory tract.

15. The catheter of any of examples 7-14 further comprising one or more electrodes disposed between the first and second longitudinally spaced-apart expandable members.

16. The catheter of example 15 wherein the electrodes are configured and located to provide an impedance indication when liquid reaches the high point of the formed treatment chamber with respect to gravity.

17. The catheter of example 15 wherein the electrodes are configured and located to provide an impedance indication of a concentration of the drug in the drug solution.

18. A method for local delivery of a drug to a target tissue area of an internal body organ of a patient, the method comprising:

-   -   inserting a distal region of an elongate flexible catheter shaft         through a natural orifice into a natural lumen extending through         the target tissue area;     -   transforming two expandable members on the shaft distal region         from a collapsed delivery configuration to an expanded         configuration in sealing engagement with a wall of the natural         lumen to thereby form a closed treatment chamber defined between         the two expandable members and the wall of the natural lumen;         and     -   circulating a liquid drug solution for the duration of a         treatment session through a closed fluid circuit that comprises         the treatment chamber and two drug-delivery lumens that both         extend through the catheter shaft from two respective connecting         ports exterior to the patient to two respective chamber ports         disposed in the shaft distal region between the expandable         members.

19. The method of example 18 further comprising:

-   -   purging air from the treatment chamber before circulating a         liquid drug solution, the purging comprising:         -   determining the orientation of the shaft distal region with             respect to gravity;         -   repositioning the patient, if necessary, such that a one of             the chamber ports is located at a high point of the             treatment chamber with respect to gravity and defining the             port so located as a purge port;         -   defining the other chamber port located below the purge port             in the treatment chamber as a fill port; and         -   filling the treatment chamber with the liquid drug solution             through the fill port while permitting air to exit through             the purge port.

20. The method of example 19 further comprising applying negative pressure to the drug-delivery lumen extending from the purge port to enhance purging of air from the treatment chamber.

21. The method of example 19 wherein the purge port is located very adjacent to one of the expandable members.

22. The method of any of examples 18-21 further comprising:

-   -   terminating the treatment session; and     -   evacuating the treatment chamber of liquid drug solution after         terminating the treatment session.

23. The method of any of examples 18-22 further comprising:

-   -   measuring a change in a drug concentration in the circulating         drug solution over at least a portion of the treatment session;     -   measuring an elapsed treatment session time; and     -   calculating an amount of the drug that is dispensed from the         treatment chamber based at least in part on the measured change         in drug concentration, the measured elapsed treatment session         time and a known permeability rate for a given concentration of         the drug in a given tissue type.

24. The method of example 23 further comprising terminating the treatment session if the calculated amount of the drug dispensed from the treatment chamber equals or exceeds a predetermined maximum threshold amount.

25. The method of example 23 further comprising terminating the treatment session if the calculated amount of the drug dispensed from the treatment chamber is within a predetermined therapeutic window.

26. The method of example 18 further comprising:

-   -   measuring a drug concentration in the circulating drug solution         during the treatment session; and     -   terminating the treatment session if the measured drug         concentration is equal to or less than a predetermined minimum         threshold amount.

27. The method of example 25 wherein maximum and minimum drug dosage values define the therapeutic window and the drug dosage values are calculated based at least in part on a desired amount of the drug to be absorbed and an estimated surface area of the wall of the natural lumen in the treatment chamber.

28. The method of example 27 wherein the surface area of the luminal wall in the treatment chamber is estimated based at least in part on one or more of the following parameters:

-   -   a known distance between the two expandable members;     -   a diameter of at least one of the two expandable members;     -   a distance from the natural orifice of the natural lumen to one         of the two expandable members;     -   an analysis of current and/or previous medical images of the         natural lumen extending through the target tissue area of the         internal body organ of the patient;     -   a liquid capacity of the treatment chamber measured when filling         the treatment chamber before circulating a liquid drug solution;         and     -   a statistical analysis of historical data regarding physical         dimensions of similar natural lumens extending through similar         target tissue areas for a known population of patients.

29. The method of example 28 wherein the diameter of at least one of the expandable members is measured from a medical image or the at least one of the expandable members is an inflatable elastic balloon and a diameter of the balloon is determined based at least in part on a volume used to inflate the balloon.

30. The method of examples 28 or 29 further comprising:

-   -   estimating the volume of the target tissue area based at least         in part on one or more of the following parameters:         -   a known distance between the two expandable members;         -   a diameter of at least one of the two expandable members;         -   a distance from the orifice of the natural lumen to one of             the two expandable members;         -   an analysis of current and/or previous medical images of the             natural lumen extending through the target tissue area of             the internal body organ of the patient;         -   a liquid capacity of the treatment chamber measured when             filling the treatment chamber before recirculating a liquid             drug solution; and         -   a statistical analysis of historical data regarding physical             dimensions of similar natural lumens extending through             similar target tissue areas for a known population of             patients; and     -   calculating a desired amount of the circulating liquid drug to         be delivered based at least in part on one or more inputs         selected from the estimated surface area of the treatment         chamber, the estimated volume of the target tissue area, and a         known rate of transfer of the drug through the wall of the         natural lumen and into the target tissue area.

31. The method of example 23 wherein measuring a change in the drug concentration in the circulating drug solution is performed using an osmometer.

32. The method of any of examples 18-31 wherein circulating the liquid drug solution achieves homogeneous concentration of the drug in the drug solution within in the treatment chamber.

33. The method of any of examples 18-32 wherein transforming two expandable members further comprises adjusting a longitudinal distance between the expandable members such that the length of the closed treatment chamber corresponds with a length of the target tissue area.

34. The method of any of examples 18-33 wherein circulating the liquid drug solution further comprises continuing to circulate the liquid drug solution until the drug has saturated the target tissue area and passed therethrough into the surrounding interstitial space or the proximate lymphatic system of the patient, all of which may act as a conduit or reservoir for the drug.

35. A method for local delivery of a drug to a target tissue area of an internal body organ of a patient, the method comprising:

-   -   inserting a distal region of an elongate flexible catheter shaft         through a natural orifice into a natural lumen extending through         the target tissue area;     -   transforming two expandable members on the shaft distal region         from a collapsed delivery configuration to an expanded         configuration in sealing engagement with a wall of the natural         lumen to thereby form a closed treatment chamber defined between         the two expandable members and the wall of the natural lumen;         and     -   recirculating a liquid drug solution for the duration of a         treatment session through a closed-loop fluid circuit that         comprises the treatment chamber and two drug-delivery lumens         that both extend through the catheter shaft from two respective         connecting ports exterior to the patient to two respective         chamber ports disposed in the shaft distal region between the         expandable members.

36. The method of example 35 further comprising:

-   -   purging air from the treatment chamber before recirculating a         liquid drug solution, the purging comprising:         -   determining the orientation of the shaft distal region with             respect to gravity;         -   repositioning the patient, if necessary, such that a one of             the chamber ports is located at a high point of the             treatment chamber with respect to gravity and defining the             port so located as a purge port;         -   defining the other chamber port located below the purge port             in the treatment chamber as a fill port; and         -   filling the treatment chamber with the liquid drug solution             through the fill port while permitting air to exit through             the purge port.

37. The method of example 36 further comprising applying negative pressure to the drug-delivery lumen extending from the purge port to enhance purging of air from the treatment chamber.

38. The method of example 36 wherein the purge port is located very adjacent to one of the expandable members.

39. The method of any of examples 35-38 further comprising:

-   -   terminating the treatment session; and     -   evacuating the treatment chamber of liquid drug solution after         terminating the treatment session.

40. The method of any of examples 35-39 further comprising:

-   -   measuring a change in a drug concentration in the recirculating         drug solution over at least a portion of the treatment session;     -   measuring an elapsed treatment session time; and     -   calculating an amount of the drug that is dispensed from the         treatment chamber based at least in part on the measured change         in drug concentration, the measured elapsed treatment session         time and a known permeability rate for a given concentration of         the drug in a given tissue type.

41. The method of example 40 further comprising terminating the treatment session if the calculated amount of the drug dispensed from the treatment chamber equals or exceeds a predetermined maximum threshold amount.

42. The method of example 40 further comprising terminating the treatment session if the calculated amount of the drug dispensed from the treatment chamber is within a predetermined therapeutic window.

43. The method of example 35 further comprising:

-   -   measuring a drug concentration in the recirculating drug         solution during the treatment session; and     -   terminating the treatment session if the measured drug         concentration is equal to or less than a predetermined minimum         threshold amount.

44. The method of example 42 wherein maximum and minimum drug dosage values define the therapeutic window and the drug dosage values are calculated based at least in part on a desired amount of the drug to be absorbed and an estimated surface area of the wall of the natural lumen in the treatment chamber.

45. The method of example 44 wherein the surface area of the luminal wall in the treatment chamber is estimated based at least in part on one or more of the following parameters:

-   -   a known distance between the two expandable members;     -   a diameter of at least one of the two expandable members;     -   a distance from the orifice of the natural lumen to one of the         two expandable members;     -   an analysis of current and/or previous medical images of the         natural lumen extending through the target tissue area of the         internal body organ of the patient;     -   a liquid capacity of the treatment chamber measured when filling         the treatment chamber before recirculating a liquid drug         solution; and     -   a statistical analysis of historical data regarding physical         dimensions of similar natural lumens extending through similar         target tissue areas for a known population of patients.

46. The method of example 45 wherein the diameter of at least one of the expandable members is measured from a medical image or the at least one of the expandable members is an inflatable elastic balloon and a diameter of the balloon is determined based at least in part on a volume used to inflate the balloon.

47. The method of example 45 further comprising:

-   -   estimating the volume of the target tissue area based at least         in part on one or more of the following parameters:         -   a known distance between the two expandable members;         -   a diameter of at least one of the two expandable members;         -   a distance from the orifice of the natural lumen to one of             the two expandable members;         -   an analysis of current and/or previous medical images of the             natural lumen extending through the target tissue area of             the internal body organ of the patient;         -   a liquid capacity of the treatment chamber measured when             filling the treatment chamber before recirculating a liquid             drug solution; and         -   a statistical analysis of historical data regarding physical             dimensions of similar natural lumens extending through             similar target tissue areas for a known population of             patients; and     -   calculating a desired amount of the circulating liquid drug to         be delivered based at least in part on one or more inputs         selected from the estimated surface area of the treatment         chamber, the estimated volume of the target tissue area, and a         known rate of transfer of the drug through the wall of the         natural lumen and into the target tissue area.

48. The method of example 40 wherein measuring a change in the drug concentration in the recirculating drug solution is performed using an osmometer.

49. The method of example 40 wherein the steps of recirculating a liquid drug solution, measuring a change in a drug concentration in the recirculating drug solution, and calculating the amount of the drug absorbed from the treatment chamber are performed by a system comprising a pump, an osmometer, and a control unit configured to operate the pump based at least in part on one or more inputs selected from elapsed time, instantaneous pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit, amount of the drug solution added to the fluid circuit, instantaneous drug concentration of the drug solution occupying the closed-loop fluid circuit, and manual data entered by an operator.

50. The method of example 35 further comprising:

-   -   monitoring a fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit.

51. The method of example 50 further comprising maintaining the fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit within a predetermined pressure range.

52. The method of example 51 wherein the predetermined pressure range includes a positive pressure sufficient to enhance uptake of drug into the target tissue area.

53. The method of example 51 wherein if the monitored fluid pressure exceeds the predetermined pressure range, then a pumping pressure is reduced by a recirculating pump in the closed-loop fluid circuit.

54. The method of example 51 wherein if the monitored fluid pressure is below the predetermined pressure range, then a pumping pressure is increased by a recirculating pump in the closed-loop fluid circuit and/or additional drug solution or solvent is added to the closed-loop fluid circuit.

55. The method of example 50 further comprising terminating the recirculating of a drug solution if a leak in the treatment chamber is indicated by one or more of the following conditions:

-   -   the fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit drops below         a predetermined minimum pressure;     -   a calculated rate of pressure change in the closed-loop fluid         exceeds a predetermined rate of change, and     -   a medical image of the patient shows that one or both of the         expandable members is not sufficiently sealing against the wall         of the natural lumen.

56. The method of example 50 wherein the fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit is monitored by a pressure sensor mounted on the catheter in the treatment chamber or a pressure sensor located in an electronic console exterior to the patient and in fluid communication with the closed-loop fluid circuit.

57. The method of example 35 further comprising flushing the drug solution from the closed-loop fluid circuit at the end of the treatment session.

58. The method of example 35 wherein recirculating the liquid drug solution further comprises pumping the liquid drug solution from a pump through one of the two drug-delivery lumens to the treatment chamber while permitting the liquid drug solution to return from the treatment chamber to the pump via the other of the two drug-delivery lumens.

59. A method for local delivery of a liquid drug to a target tissue area surrounding a natural lumen extending through a female genital tract or a respiratory tract or a urinary tract or gastrointestinal tract of a patient, the method comprising:

-   -   inserting a distal region of an elongate flexible catheter         through a natural orifice into the natural lumen to a location         proximate to the target tissue area;     -   transforming an expandable member on the catheter from a         collapsed delivery configuration to an expanded configuration         that sealingly engages a wall of the natural lumen proximal to         the target tissue area to thereby create a treatment chamber         defined by the portion of the natural lumen distal of the         expandable member; and     -   circulating a liquid drug solution for the duration of a         treatment session through a closed fluid circuit that comprises         the treatment chamber and two drug-delivery lumens that both         extend through the catheter shaft from two respective connecting         ports exterior to the patient to two respective chamber ports         disposed in the shaft region distal of the expandable member.

60. The method of example 59 wherein transforming an expandable member further comprises adjusting a length of the catheter region distal of the expandable member to correspond with a length of the target tissue area.

61. The method of any of examples 59-60 wherein circulating a liquid drug solution comprises delivering a known liquid drug concentration with a known tissue permeability of the drug concentration at a selected flow rate for a selected period of time.

62. The method of any of examples 59-61 wherein circulating a liquid drug solution further comprises pushing a liquid other than the liquid drug through the catheter drug-delivery lumen to force the liquid drug from the catheter drug-delivery lumen into the treatment chamber.

63. The method of any of examples 59-62 wherein the two respective chamber ports in the catheter region distal of the expandable member are longitudinally spaced-apart.

64. The method of example 63 further comprises adjusting the distance that the chamber ports are spaced-apart to correspond with a length of the target tissue area.

65. The method of any of examples 59-64 further comprising evacuating the treatment chamber before circulating a liquid drug solution.

66. The method of any of examples 59-65 further comprising evacuating the treatment chamber of liquid drug solution after terminating the treatment session.

67. The method of any of examples 59-66 further comprising:

-   -   measuring a change in a drug concentration in the circulating         drug solution over at least a portion of the treatment session;     -   measuring an elapsed treatment session time; and     -   calculating an amount of the drug that is dispensed from the         treatment chamber based at least in part on the measured change         in drug concentration, the measured elapsed treatment session         time and a known permeability rate for a given concentration of         the drug in a given tissue type.

68. The method of any of examples 59-67 further comprising terminating the treatment session if the calculated amount of the drug dispensed from the treatment chamber equals or exceeds a predetermined maximum threshold amount.

69. The method of any of examples 59-67 further comprising terminating the treatment session if the calculated amount of the drug dispensed from the treatment chamber is within a predetermined therapeutic window.

70. The method of any of examples 59-67 further comprising:

-   -   measuring a drug concentration in the circulating drug dose         during the treatment session; and     -   terminating the treatment session if the measured drug         concentration is equal to or less than a predetermined minimum         threshold amount.

71. The method of example 69 wherein maximum and minimum drug dosage values define the therapeutic window and the drug dosage values are calculated before the drug solution is circulated based at least in part on a desired amount of the drug to be absorbed and an estimated surface area of the wall of the natural lumen in the treatment chamber.

72. The method of example 71 wherein the surface area of the luminal wall in the treatment chamber is estimated based at least in part on one or more of the following parameters:

-   -   a diameter of the expandable member;     -   a distance from the orifice of the natural lumen to the         expandable member;     -   a distance from the expandable member to the chamber port         located most distally therefrom;     -   an analysis of current and/or previous medical images of the         natural lumen extending through the target tissue area of the         internal body organ of the patient;     -   a liquid capacity of the treatment chamber measured when filling         the treatment chamber before circulating a liquid drug solution;         and     -   a statistical analysis of historical data regarding physical         dimensions of similar natural lumens extending through similar         target tissue areas for a known population of patients.

73. The method of example 72 wherein the diameter of the expandable member is measured from a medical image or the expandable member is an inflatable elastic balloon and a diameter of the balloon is determined based at least in part on a volume of a fluid used to inflate the balloon.

74. The method of example 72 further comprising:

-   -   estimating the volume of the target tissue area based at least         in part on one or more of the following parameters:         -   a diameter of the expandable member;         -   a distance from the orifice of the natural lumen to the             expandable member;         -   a distance from the expandable member to the chamber port             located most distally therefrom;         -   an analysis of current and/or previous medical images of the             natural lumen extending through the target tissue area of             the internal body organ of the patient;         -   a liquid capacity of the treatment chamber measured when             filling the treatment chamber before circulating a liquid             drug solution; and         -   a statistical analysis of historical data regarding physical             dimensions of similar natural lumens extending through             similar target tissue areas for a known population of             patients; and     -   calculating a desired amount of the circulating liquid drug to         be delivered based at least in part on one or more inputs         selected from the estimated surface area of the treatment         chamber, the estimated volume of the target tissue area, and a         known rate of transfer of the drug through the wall of the         natural lumen and into the target tissue area.

75. The method of example 70 wherein measuring a change in the drug concentration in the circulating drug solution is performed using an osmometer.

76. The method of example 59 wherein circulating a liquid drug solution through a closed fluid circuit further comprises recirculating the liquid drug solution through a closed-loop fluid circuit and the steps of recirculating a liquid drug solution, measuring a change in a drug concentration in the recirculating drug solution, and calculating the amount of the drug absorbed from the treatment chamber are performed by a system comprising a pump, an osmometer, and a control unit configured to operate the pump based at least in part on one or more inputs selected from elapsed time, instantaneous fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit, amount of the drug solution added to the fluid circuit, instantaneous drug concentration of the drug solution occupying the closed-loop fluid circuit, and manual data entered by an operator.

77. The method of example 76 further comprising monitoring a fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit.

78. The method of example 77 further comprising maintaining the fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit within a predetermined pressure range.

79. The method of example 78 wherein the predetermined pressure range includes a positive pressure sufficient to enhance uptake of drug into the target tissue area.

80. The method of example 78 wherein if the monitored fluid pressure exceeds the predetermined pressure range, then a pumping pressure is reduced by the pump in the closed-loop fluid circuit.

81. The method of example 78 wherein if the monitored fluid pressure is below the predetermined pressure range, then a pumping pressure is increased by the pump in the closed-loop fluid circuit and/or additional drug solution or solvent is added to the closed-loop fluid circuit.

82. The method of any of examples 76-81 further comprising terminating the recirculating of a drug solution if a leak in the treatment chamber is indicated by one or more of the following conditions:

-   -   the fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit drops below         a predetermined minimum pressure;     -   a calculated rate of pressure change in the closed-loop fluid         exceeds a predetermined rate of change, and     -   a medical image of the patient shows that one or both of the         expandable members is not sufficiently sealing against the wall         of the natural lumen.

83. The method of example 77 wherein the fluid pressure in the closed-loop fluid circuit is monitored by a pressure sensor mounted on the catheter in the treatment chamber or a pressure sensor located in an electronic console exterior to the patient and in fluid communication with the closed-loop fluid circuit.

84. The method of any of examples 59-83 further comprising flushing the liquid drug from the closed-loop fluid circuit at the end of the treatment session.

85. The method of any of examples 76-84 wherein recirculating the liquid drug further comprises pumping the liquid drug solution from the pump through one of the two drug-delivery lumens to the treatment chamber while permitting the liquid drug to return from the treatment chamber to the pump via the other of the two drug-delivery lumens.

86. The method of any of examples 59-85 wherein circulating the liquid drug achieves homogeneous concentration of the drug in the liquid drug within in the treatment chamber.

87. The method of any of examples 59-86 wherein circulating the liquid drug further comprises continuing to circulate the liquid drug until the drug has saturated the target tissue area and passed therethrough into the surrounding interstitial space or the proximate lymphatic system of the patient, all of which may act as a conduit or reservoir for the drug.

88. The method of any of examples 59-87 wherein the expandable member is an elastic balloon and predetermined expansion properties thereof comprise a predetermined relationship between inflation volume and diameter.

89. The method of any of examples 59-88 wherein circulating the liquid drug further comprises maintaining a fluid pressure in the treatment chamber below a predetermined maximum pressure.

90. A catheter for delivery of a drug to a target tissue area of an internal body organ of a patient, the catheter having an elongate flexible shaft and an expandable member disposed about a catheter shaft distal region, the expandable member being transformable between a collapsed delivery configuration and an expanded configuration for sealingly engaging a natural lumen extending through the target tissue area to form a closed treatment chamber defined by the portion of the natural lumen distal of the expandable member, the catheter further having first and second drug-delivery lumens extending from a catheter proximal end to respective first and second ports spaced-apart in the shaft region distal of the expandable members.

91. The catheter of example 90 wherein the proximal port is located very adjacent the expandable member.

92. The catheter of any of examples 90-91 wherein the length between the first and second ports is selectively adjustable to correspond with a length of the target tissue area.

93. The catheter of any of examples 90-92 wherein a length of the catheter region distal of the expandable member is selectively adjustable to correspond with a length of the target tissue area.

94. The catheter of any of examples 90-93 further comprising an orientation sensor mounted at the catheter shaft distal region.

95. The catheter of any of examples 90-94 wherein the expandable member comprises a compliant balloon inflatable to varying diameters, the catheter further having an inflation lumen extending from the catheter proximal end to the expandable member for inflation thereof.

96. The catheter of any of examples 90-95 further comprising a navigation camera disposed adjacent the distal region.

97. The catheter of any of examples 90-96 further comprising a fiducial marker for referencing the location of the expandable member when the catheter is viewed using an imaging system.

98. The catheter of any of examples 90-97 wherein the expandable member is configured for forming a treatment chamber within a lumen of a gastrointestinal tract, a female genital tract, a urinary tract, or a respiratory tract.

99. A catheter for local delivery of a drug to a target tissue area of an internal body organ of a patient, the catheter comprising:

-   -   an elongate flexible shaft;     -   an expandable member disposed about a distal region of the         flexible shaft and being transformable between a collapsed         delivery configuration and an expanded configuration for sealing         against the wall of a natural lumen extending through the target         tissue area to form a treatment chamber defined by the wall of         the natural lumen distal of the expandable member;     -   a liquid ingress lumen extending from a shaft proximal end to a         liquid ingress port located distal of the expandable member; and     -   a liquid egress lumen extending from a shaft proximal end to a         liquid egress port located distal of the expandable member;     -   wherein the functions of the ingress and egress ports are         reversible such that either port can be a high point of the         formed treatment chamber with respect to gravity.

100. The catheter of example 99 further comprising an orientation sensor mounted at the shaft distal region and operable to indicate to an operator the orientation of the shaft distal region with respect to gravity.

101. The catheter of example 100 wherein the orientation sensor is an accelerometer adapted to communicate with an electronic console exterior to the patient.

102. The catheter of any of examples 99-101 wherein one of the liquid ingress port and the liquid egress port is located very adjacent the expandable member.

103. The catheter of any of examples 99-102 wherein a length of the catheter region distal of the expandable member is selectively adjustable to correspond with a length of the target tissue area.

104. The catheter of any of examples 99-103 wherein expandable member is a compliant balloon inflatable to varying diameters, the shaft further having an inflation lumen configured for inflating the compliant balloon.

105. The catheter of any of examples 99-104 further comprising a navigation camera disposed adjacent the distal region.

106. The catheter of any of examples 99-105 further comprising a fiducial marker for referencing the location of the expandable member when the catheter is viewed using a medical imaging system or navigation system.

107. The catheter of any of examples 99-106 wherein the expandable member is configured for forming a treatment chamber within a lumen of a gastrointestinal tract, a urinary tract, a female reproductive tract, or a respiratory tract.

108. The catheter of any of examples 99-107 further comprising one or more spaced-apart electrodes disposed distally of the expandable member. 

1-110. (canceled)
 111. A method for administering a chemotherapeutic drug to a hollow organ in a subject, comprising contacting a portion of a non-vascular lumen in the hollow organ with a liquid formulation comprising the chemotherapeutic drug.
 112. The method of claim 111, wherein the hollow organ is part of a gastrointestinal tract.
 113. The method of claim 112, wherein the hollow organ is a colon.
 114. The method of claim 111, wherein the hollow organ is part of a respiratory tract.
 115. The method of claim 114, wherein the hollow organ is a lung.
 116. The method of claim 111, wherein the hollow organ is part of a female genital tract.
 117. The method of claim 116, wherein the hollow organ is a uterus.
 118. The method of claim 111, wherein the hollow organ is part of a urinary tract.
 119. The method of claim 111, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug is vinblastine, vinorelbine, irinotecan, paclitaxel, levofloxacin, docetaxel, epirubicin, doxorubicin, capecitabine, etoposide, topotecan, pemetrexed, carboplatin, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, trastuzumab, ramucirumab, bevacizumab or combinations thereof.
 120. The method of claim 111, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug is paclitaxel, cisplatin, levofloxacin or combinations thereof.
 121. The method of claim 111, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug is paclitaxel.
 122. The method of claim 111, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug is cisplatin.
 123. The method of claim 111, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug is levofloxacin.
 124. The method of claim 111, wherein the contacting of the portion of the non-vascular lumen in the hollow organ with the formulation comprising the chemotherapeutic drug comprises circulating the formulation through the non-vascular lumen.
 125. The method of claim 124, wherein a homogenous concentration of the chemotherapeutic drug is maintained during circulating.
 126. The method of claim 111, wherein the contacting of the portion of the non-vascular lumen in the hollow organ with the formulation comprising the chemotherapeutic drug comprises filling the lumen with the formulation.
 127. A method for treating a cancer of a hollow organ in a subject, comprising contacting a portion of a non-vascular lumen in the hollow organ with a liquid formulation comprising a chemotherapeutic drug.
 128. The method of claim 127, wherein the hollow organ is part of a gastrointestinal tract, a respiratory tract, a female genital tract or a urinary tract.
 129. The method of claim 127, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug is vinblastine, vinorelbine, irinotecan, paclitaxel, levofloxacin, docetaxel, epirubicin, doxorubicin, capecitabine, etoposide, topotecan, pemetrexed, carboplatin, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, trastuzumab, ramucirumab, bevacizumab or combinations thereof.
 130. The method of claim 127, wherein, following the contacting with the chemotherapeutic drug, the amount of cancerous tissue in the hollow organ is reduced or eliminated. 